|
Sector control valve mishandled
|
(Watanabe
1979)
|
per demand
| |
2.08 × 10 -3
| |
|
Priming tank gate valve
|
(Watanabe
1979)
|
per demand
| |
2.47 × 10 -3
| |
|
Deluge fail to open
|
(Moelling et al.
1980)
|
per demand
|
8.9 × 10 -4
|
1.9 × 10 -3
|
3.6 × 10 -3
|
|
Check fail to open
|
(Moelling et al.
1980)
|
per demand
|
3.0 × 10 -5
|
1.0 × 10 -4
|
3.0 × 10 -4
|
|
Closed inadvertently (ICV)
|
(Moelling et al.
1980)
|
failures per hour
|
6.3 × 10 -7
|
6.3 × 10 -6
|
6.3 × 10 -5
|
|
Alarm
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
2.0 × 10 -3
|
2.94 × 10 -3
|
|
Main stop
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
2.3 × 10 -3
|
3.19 × 10 -3
|
|
Zone isolation
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
2.2 × 10 -2
|
3.17 × 10 -2
|
|
due to tenancy changes
| | | | | |
|
Ordinary stop
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
6.7 × 10 -4
|
9.60 × 10 -4
|
|
Non-return
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
1.1 × 10 -3
|
1.76 × 10 -3
|
|
Pressure reducing
|
(Moinuddin et al.
2009)
|
per demand
| |
4.77 × 10 -3
|
1.04 × 10 -2
|
|
Wet alarm
|
(Nash and Young
1991)
|
failures/year
| |
4.0 × 10 -5
| |
|
Alternative alarm
|
(Nash and Young
1991)
|
failures/year
| |
8.0 × 10 -5
| |
|
Main sprinkler stop
|
(Nash and Young
1991)
|
failures/year
| |
2.0 × 10 -4
| |
|
Non-return
|
(Nash and Young
1991)
|
failures/year
| |
1.0 × 10 -2
| |
|
Main stop
|
(Finucane and Pinkney
1988)
|
failures/year
| |
2.3 × 10 -3
| |
|
Non-return
|
(Finucane and Pinkney
1988)
|
failures/year
| |
1.0 × 10 -2
| |
|
Main sprinkler stop
|
(Finucane and Pinkney
1988)
|
failures/year
| |
2.0 × 10 -3
| |
|
Wet alarm
|
(Finucane and Pinkney
1988)
|
failures/year
| |
4.0 × 10 -4
| |
|
Alternative alarm
|
(Finucane and Pinkney
1988)
|
failures/year
| |
8.0 × 10 -4
| |
|
Post indicating
|
(Budnick
2001)
|
failures/hour
| |
0
| |
|
Alarm check
|
(Budnick
2001)
|
failures/hour
| |
0
| |
|
Outside stem and yoke
|
(Budnick
2001)
|
failures/hour
|
7.5 × 10 -8
|
3.6 × 10 -7
|
8.7 × 10 -7
|
|
Main drain
|
(Budnick
2001)
|
failures/hour
| |
0
| |
|
Inspector’s test
|
(Budnick
2001)
|
failures/hour
|
2.3 × 10 -6
|
8.3 × 10 -6
|
1.8 × 10 -5
|
|
Alarm
|
(Ronty and Keski-Rahkonen
2004)
|
failures/year
|
6.5 × 10 -4
|
1.2 × 10 -3
|
2.0 × 10 -3
|
|
Deluge (Critical)
|
(SINTEF
2009)
|
failures/
|
2.8
|
5.8
|
9.4
|
| | |
106 calendar hours
| | | |
|
Deluge (All Modes)
|
(SINTEF
2009)
|
failures/
|
12
|
21
|
31
|
| | |
106 calendar hours
| | | |
