Table 1 Different policy factors to account for different type of activities in terms of voluntariness and benefit (Vrijling et al. 1998 )
Policy factor β i | Voluntariness | Benefit | Example and its individual risk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | Completely voluntary | Direct benefit | Mountaineering | 10−3 |
10 | Voluntary | Direct benefit | Motor biking | - |
1 | Neutral | Direct benefit | Car driving | 10−4 |
0,1 | Involuntary | Some benefit | Factory | 10−6 |
0,01 | Involuntary | No benefit | LPG station | - |